This section considers the six metropolitan areas with the largest volume of home mortgage loans to African American borrowers: Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, and Washington, D. These areas feature a larger black population compared with the national average of 13 percent. In Atlanta, Baltimore, and Washington, D. Only 15 percent of all home mortgage loans, however, have gone to black borrowers in the years after the Great Recession, in contrast to the 60 percent of total loans that have gone to white borrowers.
Despite a decrease in segregation levels during the past three decades, 79 African Americans in these metropolitan areas are still highly segregated from non-Hispanic whites.
Standard measures of residential segregation 80 show that well more than half of the African American population in these metropolitan areas—from 57 percent in Dallas to 75 percent in Chicago—would have to live in a different neighborhood in their metropolitan areas in order to achieve a more dispersed geographic distribution and less separation from white residents. Racially segregative patterns are evident in the homebuying outcomes of African Americans and white homebuyers across the six metropolitan areas, particularly in Washington, D.
Here, African Americans of all income levels purchase homes in neighborhoods where black residents make up a very large share of the total population. In contrast, white borrowers purchase homes in neighborhoods where African Americans represent, on average, a very small share of the total population; in Chicago, this share is only 6 percent.
Figures 3 through 8 illustrate the distribution of black homebuyers in these six metropolitan areas in relation to the geographic distribution of the black population. As the maps indicate, the density of black homebuyers tends to be higher in census tracts where the black population is mostly concentrated compared with predominantly nonblack neighborhoods.
This is particularly clear in areas such as Washington, D. Consistent with existing research, 82 a geographic information systems GIS analysis of trends in the home price index across census tracts in the selected metropolitan areas pinpoints a general overlap between depreciating neighborhoods and neighborhoods that are characterized by a large concentration of African Americans. In Atlanta, while home prices in neighborhoods attracting white homebuyers have experienced a 5 percent increase since , home prices in census tracts where black homebuyers are concentrated are still 6 percent below levels.
Fair housing policy needs to be strengthened rather than rolled back, contrary to what the Trump administration has been attempting to do. Under Secretary Ben Carson, in particular, HUD has proposed to significantly scale down fair housing enforcement and integration remedies.
In , HUD suspended the obligation of local jurisdictions to file plans under the AFFH rule, despite evidence that the rule has been effective in propelling HUD funding recipients to meaningfully commit to fair housing. Introduced in and administered by the FHEO, the FHIP is a federal program that specifically funds public and private fair housing organizations engaged in education, outreach, preliminary fair housing investigations, and testing.
Too often, discrimination is less overt than in the past and is difficult to detect. In addition, the burden of enforcement is often put on the victims of discrimination. While it is important that the FHIP program supports investigations of complaints filed by potential victims, it is also critical that this program supports proactive investigations that are independent of individual complaints in order to uncover systemic discriminatory practices that are difficult for victims to detect; expand scrutiny on actors that are not well covered by existing fair housing laws; monitor discriminatory practices in communities at risk; and explore strategies that are effective in deterring discriminatory practices and reversing segregation patterns.
The disparate impact standard is a very critical tool for detecting and addressing discriminatory housing practices that systematically affect communities of color but are difficult to prove. Even when there is no intention to discriminate, it is very important to hold housing agencies and players accountable for the discriminatory consequences of their actions that ultimately lead to and reinforce systemic racial disparities in the housing market.
Unfortunately, the racial disparities illustrated in this report signal that segregation in the homebuying market is still a reality, with negative implications for equity building and wealth accumulation for African American homebuyers. Further investigation is required to identify and monitor specific entities and practices that perpetuate this destructive process. The analysis of home mortgage data presented in this report shows that African American homebuyers continue to be concentrated in nonwhite neighborhoods—even when they have the financial resources to afford homes in any neighborhood of their choice, where the opportunities for equity building are similar to those of white homebuyers of comparable socioeconomic status.
These patterns are concerning because they reflect and contribute to persisting racial segregation in the residential landscape. The Fair Housing Act aimed at eliminating overt discrimination and disparities in the housing market and ultimately ending residential segregation. Although the Fair Housing Act has succeeded in eliminating the most blatant forms of discrimination that were common 50 years ago, the U.
The legacy of federal redlining and discriminatory housing policies and private practices is still visible today, as housing discrimination has taken different forms and African American neighborhoods continue to be devalued compared with white neighborhoods. The findings presented in this report provide support for existing evidence on the persistent disenfranchisement of black homeowners in the United States.
Not only are African American homebuyers still buying homes in predominantly nonwhite neighborhoods, but home prices in segregated neighborhoods where black homebuyers concentrate are also continuing a trend of slow appreciation compared with those in neighborhoods where white homebuyers purchase their homes.
This has persisted even at a time when national home prices have continued recovering after the recent financial collapse. To begin to solve these issues, policymakers should seriously consider the recommendations provided in this report.
She has extensive research, teaching, and consulting experience in housing and community development. She has published work on the government-sponsored enterprises; mortgage lending practices of ethnic-owned banks in immigrant communities; jobs-housing imbalance in minority communities; residential segregation; and poverty and housing affordability.
The statistical and GIS analyses discussed in this report were performed with the following data:. Integration or End of the Segregated Century? James H. Carr and Nandinee K. Kutty, eds. Today, the African American homeownership rate is as low as it was at the time when housing discrimination was legal. Only 42 percent of African Americans owned their homes in , compared with 73 percent of whites, according to CAP calculations of data coming from the U.
Census Bureau; See U. Oliver and Thomas M. Lisa J. Home-purchase loans to African American borrowers have increased in ; since , the number of these loans has more than doubled—from 74, to , Detailed tabulations are available from the author upon request.
National home prices featured considerable volatility during the past housing cycle: While they increased on average by 51 percent from to , home prices dropped by 21 percent from to and finally rose by 28 percent by the end of to the same levels as in Data are on file with the author. William H. The dissimilarity index represents the standard measure of residential segregation. Black-white segregation in Dallas is the lowest compared with the other metropolitan areas analyzed in this report.
Like Atlanta and Houston, Dallas has experienced a growth of African American residents in recent decades. It is important to keep in mind that overall home prices in the Houston and Dallas metropolitan areas have been less volatile than in the other areas during and after the financial collapse. In , both areas featured home prices that were well above levels. Ben S. All data are on file with the author. The positions of American Progress, and our policy experts, are independent, and the findings and conclusions presented are those of American Progress alone.
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The recommendations include: Make local jurisdictions once again responsible for planning to achieve fair housing. Empower federal, state, and local governments and nonprofits to fully enforce the Fair Housing Act. Catch and stop systematic discrimination, rather than perpetuating it. Residential segregation is not a coincidence. Despite some progress, residential segregation and housing discrimination persist.
Segregation continues to harm the ability of African American homebuyers to build equity. African Americans continue to buy homes in predominantly nonwhite neighborhoods. Racial disparities in the largest markets where black homebuyers concentrate.
It is time to strengthen fair housing enforcement. Make local jurisdictions once again responsible for planning to achieve fair housing In particular, the Affirmative Furthering Fair Housing AFFH rule should be fully reinstated. Specifically, the analysis employs data coming from the — and — datasets. While the data are provided by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, data for prior years are available through the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council and the National Archives.
The analysis of mortgage loans focuses on two periods: the prerecession years and the postrecession years. For the prerecession years, the analysis pools HMDA data from to HMDA data from to are pooled for the analysis of mortgage lending in the postrecession period. The analysis focuses on home purchase first-lien loans for one- to four-family, owner-occupied homes. Data are for the United States, excluding Puerto Rico.
HMDA data provide census tract identifiers through which it is possible to merge census tract characteristics coming from the U. The annual HPI represents a broad measure of single-family house price trends. The — American Community Survey, which provides detailed census-tract-level information on racial composition.
Gregory D. See also James H. Carr, Michela Zonta, and Steven P. When first enacted, the law prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, and national origin. With the amendments of and , three additional protected classes were added: sex, familial status, and disability.
Logan and Brian J. See also Joseph P. Massey and Nancy A. If such agreements were breached, the courts would be called upon for enforcement. Restrictive covenants were declared unenforceable in ; however, they continued to be used informally to resist black entry into white neighborhoods, and the Federal Housing Administration advocated their usage well into the late s.
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Previous to , only incorporated municipalities could qualify as ww central cities although there were exceptions. In , the OMB adopted a revised standard. Fiscal Disparities: sh w. Washington, DC: U. Government Printing ww Ofice. Anacker, K. Immigrating, assimilating, cashing in? Analyzing property ga sh values in suburbs of immigrant gateways. Housing Studies, 28, — Shaky palaces?
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Still paying the race tax? Analyzing property values in ww homogenous and mixed-race suburbs. Journal of Urban Affairs, 32, 55— Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened.
Public policy against itself: Investments that help bring Cleveland m co and eventually suburbs , down in Cleveland Development: A Dissenting View, te. Cleveland, OH: David Press. Ties that bind revisited. Economic Development ww Quarterly, 8, — The Regional City: Planning for the End of te.
Washington, DC: Island Press. Twenty-irst-century suburban demography: ww m Increasing diversity yet lingering exclusion, in Social Justice in Diverse co te. Suburbs: History, Politics, and Prospects, edited by C. New Visions for Metropolitan America.
Washington, DC: The sh w. Bungalows: Unit Designs co te. New York, NY: Portfolio. Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. New York, NY: Anchor sh w. Cities and Suburbs: New sh w. New York, NY: Routledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Welcome to the suburban revolution, in Suburban Constellations: m co Governance, Land, and Infrastructure in the 21st Century, edited by R.
Confronting Suburban Poverty in America. Kotkin, J. New York, NY: Touchstone. The Next Slum? The Subprime Crisis is just the Tip of ww m the Iceberg. Revitalizing the Older Suburb. New co te. Suburban Population and Income Change: te. A typology of U. Housing Policy sh w.
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